In 2000, Uffe Ravnskov published his book The Cholesterol Myths and went on to found The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics.[58]
The first major critical analysis of the Seven Countries Study was undertaken by Gary Taubes, in Good Calories, Bad Calories. Taubes was the original author of the major critiques of this study. All other subsequent authors have built upon Taubes critique.
The second major critique of The Seven Countries Study was published by Nina Teicholz, in The Big Fat Surprise. She was the first to analyze the problems with the data underlying Keys' Mediterranean data (which provided the foundation of the Mediterranean diet), and she was the first to establish that the survey in Crete was conducted during Lent, thereby causing Keys to dramatically undercount the amount of saturated fat eaten. Teicholz's book is the first systematic argument for how saturated fats had been unfairly demonized by Keys and why they are not, after all, bad for health. The role of both Taubes and Teicholz in shifting the debate on dietary fat has been covered in hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles.
In his 2009 video Sugar: The Bitter Truth, Robert Lustig says his purpose is to debunk the prior thirty years of nutrition research, specifically Keys.[59] Lustig gave details in his book Fat Chance: that Keys cherry-picked seven of 22 countries; consumption of trans-fat peaked in the 1960s and Keys failed to separate them out; results for Japan and Italy could be explained by either low saturated fat consumption or by low sugar consumption; and Keys wrote that sucrose and saturated fat were intercorrelated but failed to perform the sucrose half of his multivariate correlation analysis.[60] (All this work is based on Taubes' original analysis)
Controversy continues about the study itself, and about the strength and causality of the association between dietary fat and heart mortality, particularly as the study of cholesterol has become more sophisticated.[61][62] Reigniting the debate[63] was a meta-analysis in 2014 finding that "current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats".[64] However, this meta-study has also met with controversy and was corrected, with Willett continuing to defend reduced saturated fat in the diet.[65]
Taubes wrote two bestsellers, Good Calories, Bad Calories in 2007[66] followed by Why We Get Fat in 2010–2011.[67] Part I of Good Calories, Bad Calories relates how we came to believe dietary fat causes heart disease (Part II offers that carbohydrates cause the chronic diseases of civilization, and Part III explains obesity and calories).[68] Teicholz's international bestselling The Big Fat Surprise in part follows Taubes Part I. Her book is the first to make the comprehensive argument that saturated fat has been unfairly demonized and does not, after all, cause heart disease. Her book adds historical information about the vegetable oil industry and its influence on nutrition science. Her book also includes investigations into trans fats, tropical oils, and the Mediterranean diet, as well as the story of nutrition science post 1986 (where Taubes leaves off). Teicholz has since contributed for The BMJ, the New York Times, CNN.com, and the Wall Street Journal on the subject of saturated fat and dietary fat generally.
Taubes became a regular contributor to The New York Times opinion pages[69] and twice the paper gave Taubes a lead feature story in its Sunday magazine: "What if It's All Been a Big Fat Lie?" (2002)[70] and "Is Sugar Toxic?" (2011).[71]
In September 2014, Frank Hu led the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee's report on saturated fat and cardiovascular disease. Alice H. Lichtenstein said that the consensus is that a low-fat diet is "probably not a good idea" and that it might induce dyslipidemia. She said that the guidelines had changed (formerly recommending low fat, and now moderate fat) in 2000, and that the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute had revised guidelines as of 2000.[72] The group's Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee says the average person in the U.S. consumes too much saturated fat. "Sources of saturated fat should be replaced with unsaturated fat, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids."[63]
As of 2016, WebMD and the Mayo Clinic both recommended that its readers avoid or minimize saturated fats and replace them with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats.[73][74]
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